NTDS secrets

NTDS (Windows NT Directory Services) is the directory services used by Microsoft Windows NT to locate, manage, and organize network resources. The NTDS.dit file is a database that stores the Active Directory data (including users, groups, security descriptors and password hashes). This file is stored on the domain controllers.
Once the secrets are extracted, they can be used for various attacks: credential spraying, stuffing, shuffling, cracking, pass-the-hash, overpass-the-hash or silver or golden tickets.
Exfiltration
Since the NTDS.dit is constantly used by AD processes such as the Kerberos KDC, it can't be copied like any other file. In order to exfiltrate it from a live domain controller and extract password hashes from it, many techniques can be used.
Just like with SAM & LSA secrets, the SYSTEM registry hive contains enough info to decrypt the NTDS.dit data. The hive file (\system32\config\system) can either be exfiltrated the same way the NTDS.dit file is, or it can be exported with reg save HKLM\SYSTEM 'C:\Windows\Temp\system.save'.
AD maintenance (NTDSUtil)
NTDSUtil.exe is a diagnostic tool available as part of Active Directory. It has the ability to save a snapshot of the Active Directory data. Running the following command will copy the NTDS.dit database and the SYSTEM and SECURITY hives to C:\Windows\Temp.
ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "ifm" "create full C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS" quit quit
The following files can then be exported
C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\Active Directory\ntds.dit
C:\Windows\Temp\NTDS\registry\SYSTEM
If the NTDS database is very large (several gigabytes), the generation of a defragmented backup with ntdsutil consumes a lot of CPU and disk resources on the server, which can cause slowdowns and other undesirable effects on the domain controller.
Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)
VSS (Volume Shadow Copy) is a Microsoft Windows technology, implemented as a service, that allows the creation of backup copies of files or volumes, even when they are in use. The following command will create the shadow copy and will print two values that will be used later: the ID and the Name of the shadow copy.
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
Once the VSS is created for the target drive, it is then possible to copy the target files from it.
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save
copy $ShadowCopyName\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\Windows\Temp\system.save
Once the required files are exfiltrated, the shadow copy can be removed
vssadmin delete shadows /shadow=$ShadowCopyId
This attack can be carried out with Impacket's secretsdump with the -use-vss option. Additionaly, the -exec-method option can be set to smbexec, wmiexec or mmcexec to specify on which remote command execution method to rely on for the process.
NTFS structure parsing
​Invoke-NinjaCopy is a PowerShell script part of the PowerSploit suite able to "copy files off an NTFS volume by opening a read handle to the entire volume (such as c:) and parsing the NTFS structures. This technique is stealthier than the others.
Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit" -LocalDestination "C:\Windows\Temp\ntds.dit.save"
Secrets dump
Once the required files are exfiltrated, they can be parsed by tools like secretsdump (Python, part of Impacket) or gosecretsdump (Go, faster for big files).
secretsdump -ntds ntds.dit.save -system system.save LOCAL
gosecretsdump -ntds ntds.dit.save -system system.save

DPAPI secrets

LSASS secrets

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Exfiltration

AD maintenance (NTDSUtil)

Volume Shadow Copy (VSSAdmin)

NTFS structure parsing

Secrets dump